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HISTORY OF Psilocybin/Psilocin

Indigenous Use

Psilocybe Mexicana comes to USA

Psilocybe Mexicana comes to USA

Psilocybin-containing mushrooms have been used for centuries in various indigenous cultures for spiritual, religious, and shamanic purposes. The Mazatec people in Mexico, for example, have a long history of using these mushrooms in their traditional rituals in Religous and Shamanic cermonies. 

Psilocybe Mexicana comes to USA

Psilocybe Mexicana comes to USA

Psilocybe Mexicana comes to USA

Psilocybin-containing mushrooms, specifically Psilocybe mexicana, were introduced to the United States for scientific study through the efforts of mycologist and ethnomycologist R. Gordon Wasson. In the early 1950s, Wasson, along with his wife Valentina Pavlovna Wasson, participated in expeditions to Mexico to study the traditional use of mushrooms by indigenous peoples, including the Mazatec people. 

Psilocybin Isolated in 1958

The Start and Stalling of Psilocybin Research......

The Start and Stalling of Psilocybin Research......

 In 1955, R. Gordon Wasson and Albert Hofmann collaborated on a research project to isolate and identify the psychoactive compounds in these mushrooms. The Wassons had collected samples of Psilocybe mexicana during their expeditions, and Albert Hofmann, a Swiss chemist known for his work with LSD, conducted the chemical analysis and Isolated Psilocybin and Psilocin in 1958

The Start and Stalling of Psilocybin Research......

The Start and Stalling of Psilocybin Research......

The Start and Stalling of Psilocybin Research......

 In the 1950s and 1960s, researchers studied the potential therapeutic effects of psilocybin, especially in the treatment of various mental health disorders. However, due to the association of psychedelics with the counterculture and concerns about misuse, these substances were classified as Schedule I drugs in the United States in the early 1970s, limiting further research. 

Psilocybin usage around the WORLD

Indigenous Groups usage around the World of Psilocybin

  • Ancient Greece
  • Mazatec Culture (Mexico)
  • Native American Tribes
  • Mayan Civilization 
  • Amazon Rainforest Tribes 
  • African Bantu Cultures 
  • Siberian Shamanism 
  • Australian Aboriginal Cultures 

PSILOCYBIN OVER THE LAST 70+ YEARS

 

1950's:

Discovery and Isolation:

Psilocybin, the active compound in psychedelic mushrooms, was discovered and isolated by Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann in 1958. 

Initial Studies:

Early research began to explore the pharmacological effects of psilocybin on human subjects, often conducted by scientists such as Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert. 

 

1960's:

Psychedelic Movement:

Psilocybin gained popularity during the counterculture movement of the 1960s, leading to an increase in recreational use. 

Therapeutic Research:

Researchers, including Walter Pahnke, conducted studies on the potential therapeutic benefits of psilocybin, particularly in the treatment of anxiety and end-of-life distress. 

 

1970s - 1990's:

Regulatory Restrictions:

As a result of concerns about the misuse of psychedelic substances, including psilocybin, regulatory restrictions were imposed in the early 1970s. This limited research opportunities for several decades. 

Stagnation:

The study of psychedelics, including psilocybin, largely stagnated during this period due to legal and regulatory challenges. 

 

2000's:

Revival of Interest:

Towards the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, there was a renewed interest in studying the therapeutic potential of psilocybin. 

Pilot Studies:

Researchers conducted pilot studies exploring the use of psilocybin in the treatment of anxiety, depression, and addiction. Promising results were observed, but larger-scale trials were limited. 

 

2010's:

Clinical Trials:

The 2010s saw an increase in well-designed clinical trials exploring the effects of psilocybin-assisted therapy on various mental health conditions. 

Breakthrough Studies:

 Landmark studies, such as those conducted by institutions like Johns Hopkins University and Imperial College London, provided evidence of the efficacy of psilocybin in reducing symptoms of depression, anxiety, and addiction. 

Decriminalization Efforts:

Some regions and countries began to decriminalize or consider decriminalizing the use of psilocybin, allowing for more research opportunities. 

 

2020's- Now:

Expanded Research:

The decade marked a further expansion of research into psilocybin's therapeutic potential, with ongoing trials and investigations into optimal dosages, treatment protocols, and long-term effects. 

FDA Designations: 'BREAKTHROUGH THERAPY'

Psilocybin received "breakthrough therapy" designation from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of depression, indicating its potential as a significant advancement in treatment. 

Dynamic & Changing Landscape :

 Ongoing research is contributing additional insights into the therapeutic applications and mechanisms of action of psilocybin. The legal access framework is being established all over the world with Canada soon to release it's formal integration of Psilocybin into both the Medical and Recreational realms - predicted to follow similar sequencing to the Cannabis Industry

ACADEMIC PSILOCYBIN RESEARCH DATA BASE - CLICK HERE

GOVERNMENT OF CANADA - RESEARCH GRANTS

  •  July 2022 - CAMH Canada (The Center for Addiction and Mental Health) – 1st Federal Grant to study Psilocybin from Canadian Institute of Health Research(CIHR)




  •  June 2023 - University of Calgary – Leah Mayo –  Psilocybin for alcohol use disorder 

  •  June 2023 - University of Toronto – Sarah Hales – Psilocybin for use in  advanced Cancers (Existential Attachment) – End of Life Care 




  •  June 2023 - University of Toronto – Joshua Rosenblat – Psilocybin for treatment  resistant depression (Phase II) 



FEDERAL GRANT INFORMATION

New to Psilocybin/PSILOCIN?

Psilocybin Brain Connectivity Model

Pscilocybin/Psilocin

 Psilocybin (PY, 4-phosphoryloxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine) is the main psychoactive principle compound of hallucinogenic  mushrooms. After ingestion, psilocybin is converted into the pharmacologically active form psilocin. Psilocin is  an isomer of bufotenine, it differs only in the position of the hydroxylgroup. Psilocin is relatively unstable in  solution. Under alkaline conditions in the presence of oxygen it immediately forms bluish and black  degradation products. Psilocin is also present in the mushrooms, but in smaller amounts. Both psilocybin and  psilocin are indolealkylamines and structurally similar to the neurotransmitter serotonin (5- hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT). Besides psilocybin and psilocin, two further tryptamines — baeocystin and  norbaeocystin — could also be present but are thought to be less active than psilocybin and psilocin 

Molecular Structures

POTENTIAL USAGE & AREAS OF ONGOING RESEARCH

  • Major Depressive Disorder 
  • Alcohol Dependence 
  • Obsessive Compulsive Disorder 
  • Advanced Stage Cancer 
  • Anxiety 
  • Spiritual Practice 
  • PTSD Recovery 
  • Traumatic Brain Injury 
  • Creativity
  • End of Life Care 
  • Migraine Headaches 
  • Cluster Headaches 
  • Treatment of Drug Dependence 
  • Smoking Cessation 
  • Effects on Long-term Meditators
  • Bi-Polar Disorder  
  • Religious Study  

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